Early detection of disease for the male:

The male examination includes history taking, clinical examination of the urogenital tract including the digital rectal examination, ultrasonographic examination of the kidneys and bladder and transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the prostate.

The laboratory work includes some blood tests in particular blood picture, liver and kidney function tests and the estimation of PSA and free PSA in the serum as well as urine analysis. We include the examination of the flow of urine (uroflow) and the estimation of rest urine in the bladder (residual urine) in the examination. The last but not least test is the detection of  hidden blood in stool (occult blood or hämoccult).

The clinical examination inclines examination of the abdomen and genitalia. Digital rectal examination is the most important but least appreciated examination. It is a clue for the size of the prostate and its consistency. The consistency of the prostate is an indication for its diseases. This test can not be replaces by any other test.

The ultrasonographic examination of the kidneys takes importance in detecting any hidden disease. The bladder examination may reveal residual urine or any other lesion. The transrectal examination helps estimating the size of the prostate, the nature of its tissues and capsule to exclude the possibility of cancer or any other disease. The bladder should evacutae itself with a residual urine ranging from 0.0 to 50 ml of urine. The examination of residual urine gives a picture about an enlarged prostate or any obstruction underneath the bladder like narrow urethra for example. This should be expected when the residual urine exceeds 50 ml.

The laboratory tests help to estimate the general condition through the examination of the blood picture. The study of the serum gives an idea about the function of the liver and the kidney. Urine analysis is important to detect wheather you have some crystals in urine (stone), casts (kidney disease), bacteria (infection) or blood in urine (injury, infection, cancer).

Prostate specific antigenes (PSA) is a complex protein produced by the prostate and to a less extent by the seminal vesicles. It is bound to albumin not to exercise its function at large in the body. Its normal value is between 0.0 and 4.0 ng/dl in the serum. It is increased temporarly when there is infection and to a certain value when the prostate is enlarged. It is constantely increased when there is cancer in the prostate. This is a very important indication for further decisions like taking tissue samples (biopsy) from the prostate for further histological study of the gland. It is also important for monitoring the success of the treatment of cancer of the prostate. There are some overlaping values for the PSA where it is increased due to enlargement of the prostate while you are free of cancer. These values are evaluated in view of all other parameters, clinical and ultrasonographical, and in view of the experience of the urologist. The free PSA is just the minute amount of PSA free in the serum to exercise itf function. The ratio between the PSA and the free PSA is a valuable indicator for evaluation of the health of the prostate.

Uroflowmetry is a simple test to reveal the presence an enlargement of the prostate. It is a measure of the velocity of voided urine and the pressure and time curves of the urine.

Hidden (Occult) blood is the examination of traces of blood in the stool. It is an indication that there is a bleeding area in the digestive digestive tract. This may help the exclusion of ulcers, polyps, cancer or any other bleeding source in particular the lower part of digestive tract. Haemorrhoid should be excluded before performing this test. The test is done as follows:
You will be givin three small envelops with you.
You should avoid taking vitamin C or any citreous fruits, food containg both or to eat semi cooked meats or blood sossages for three days. You can eat natural biological food, voll cost and vegitables.
You shoulsd put stool early on the morrning on the marked regions of an envelop on the following three succesive days. Close each envelop and put the date and your name on it.
You should give the three envelops to the doctor for evaluation.
Each envelope have two marked areas A and B. The technician will add a chemical to these areas after you have filled it with your stool. The areas will change their colour if there is red blood cells or haemoglobin in your stool.

At last I would like very much to highly recommend that you will visit your urologist once a year for this prophylactic examination to enjoy a healthy life.